Per Christiansson

CURRICULUM VITAE


15.02.2024 (04.05.2021) [14.10.1998]

This page: http://www.christiansson.biz/cv/perch_cv_www.html




CONTENTS

• 1. PERSONAL DATA:
• 2. EDUCATION/APPOINTMENTS:
• 3. EMPLOYMENT:
  • 3.1 Scientific advisor: (1983-)
  • 3.2 Head of civil engineering computing center (1977-1985).
  • 3.3 KBS-MEDIA LAB and ITBL (1987-).
  • 3.4 International activities, Contacts, Talks. Committees.
  • 3.5 Full Professor Aalborg University.
  • 3.6 Private Company. Dr. Per Christiansson Consulting Engineering.
  • 3.7 Some examples on far-seeing undertakings and research
• 4. AFFILIATIONS:
  • 4.1 National committees
  • 4.2 International committees
  • 4.3 International 'Editorial Boards, 'Advisory Boards' and 'Scientific committees'
  • 4.4 Associations, Groups etc..
  • 4.5 Reference groups .
  • 4.6 Other
• 5. RESEARCH. SHORT OVERVIEW:
  • 5.1 Grants
  • 5.2 Projects:
  • 5.3 Other international project involvement. 1990-
  • 5.4 Methodological issues
• 6. TEACHING. COURSE DEVELOPMENT. MASTER THESIS
  • 6.1 Courses
  • 6.2 Master Thesis, 1990-
  • 6.3 Licentiate, Doctor's Thesis
• 7. FORMAL ACTIVITIES
  • 7.1 Faculty Opponent at Doctoral Thesis Defenses
  • 7.2 Formal reports. Review Committees.
  • 7.3 Patents
• 8. ORGANIZATION OF SYMPOSIA/SEMINARS IN SWEDEN. INVITED SPEAKERS. 1991-
  • 8.1 Symposia/seminars
  • 8.2 Invited lecturers,guest professors 1991-
• 9. OTHER
  • 9.1 Software and hardware experiences
• 10. PUBLICATIONS AND PRESENTATIONS
  • 10.1 Reports. Books. /R/.
  • 10.2 Conference papers /C/.
  • 10.3 Journal Papers /J/.
  • 10.4 Programs (research) /P/.
  • 10.5 Status Reports /S/.
  • 10.6 Formal reports /A/.
  • 10.7 Other writings /O/.
  • 10.8 Discussions. Reviews. Short notes. /D/.
  • 10.9 Presentations without publication, /F/.
  • 10.10 Courses development /K/
  • 10.11 Patents /X/.
• 11. ABBREVIATIONS

1. PERSONAL DATA

Name:	Per Lennart Christiansson
Borne:	1945-05-04.
Civil status:	Married, two boys (born 1974, 1975).
Address:	247 63 Veberöd Handslagarevägen 8 Sweden (Private company)
Telephone: (home)	+46 (0)760 446465 +46 (0)46 80633
E-mail.	per@christiansson.biz
WWW:	https://www.christiansson.biz

2. EDUCATION/APPOINTMENTS

3. EMPLOYMENT

3.1 Scientific advisor: (1983- 1997)

As a scientific advisor to the Swedish Building Research Council I was involved in different activities (national, Nordic and international):

• Coordination and initiation of R/D
• Arranging and giving lectures at symposia
• Establishing and maintaining contacts to universities and industries abroad
• Establishing contacts between R/D individuals
• Advisory activities (at universities, industries and institutes)
• Inviting visiting lecturer
• Information and knowledge transfer through articles, lectures, visits etc.
• Participation in national and international information technology programs.
• Member of International Editorial Boards and Scientific Committees (on Artificial Intelligence, Computer Aided Design, Computer Aided Architectural Design, Urban Information Systems etc.)
• Member of the steering group of the ITBL, Information Technology Building Centre in Lund. (1/3 of a National Building Information Technology program)
• Own research within the fields of computer-aided design, knowledge-based systems, knowledge representation, hypermedia, communication, user interface, system design, conceptual modeling and integration problems.

3.2 Head of civil engineering computing center, Lund University (1977-1985)

I have actively worked with computer software and hardware since 1970 from system to application levels. This work has comprised programming in Assembler, Algol, Fortran, Basic, Prolog, Pascal and real time programming as well as hardware development activities and development of computer controlled measuring devices and controlling programs. I have also developed routines for and given support on user and application levels. I was also responsible for purchase and installation of computer hardware and software at the Civil Engineering Computing Center. /R3/, /R4/, /R8/, /R10/, /R11/, /R14/.

Per Christiansson did except traditional education within civil engineering, pioneering development of courses at Lund University within areas such as; Computer controlled data acquisition, CAD and modelling, knowledge based systems, and hypermedia for knowledge transfer. This work did continue when he was a professor at Aalborg University in Denmark.

3.3 KBS-MEDIA LAB and ITBL (1987-1999)

The department of Structural Engineering at Lund University had a long research tradition within the area of computer support in the building process and was, through myself, from 1970 during 25 years a driving force within IT in the construction process both nationally and within the Civil Engineering School at Lund University. This resulted in the building up (by Per Christiansson) of the first external (outside Lund University Computing Center) Computer Center in Lund. The department gave the first Cad-modeling course in 1983 (by Per Christiansson) and had after that the total responsibility for the Cad education at the Civil Engineering School. Pioneering graduate courses at Lund University were developed by Per Christiansson within CAD and Knowledge based systems (1985-1986). The KBS-Media Lab was created in 1987 and got its own localities in 1990. Resource grants were supplied by Apple Computer in 1987. In 1995 the KBS-Media Lab moved into a new location at a central IT resource built up at Lund University where it had 4 office rooms and a dedicated electronic meeting room. Close collaboration was carried through with its neighbour Lund University Center for IT in Education, CITU.

The national Swedish IT-BUILDING program, which was initiated 1991, had a favourable influence on the development of the KBS-MEDIA Lab. The KBS-Media Lab expanded its activities. Researcher exchange started with Stanford University. The research within the area of digital product information and building maintenance was active resulting in among other things a Licentiate Thesis, Anders Follin /R31/ and important contributions from among other researchers Jörgen Modin. The cooperation and knowledge communication research areas became more intense during the later years at the KBS-Media Lab. Models and applications for knowledge communication, knowledge representation and classification in the global networks as well as advanced human computer interface formed a special focus. The first implementations of what we call the Dynamic Knowledge Net, DKN, (the WWW) were created world wide and we used in our research from 1993.

The needed research efforts are huge to increase awareness and qualitative development towards a new paradigm in the life of humanity (the third since the Antique) - (1) art of writing 2500 bc, (2) art of printing 1400 ac, and now (3) the art of communication. Cross disciplinary and external collaboration was maintained and increased at the Lab, (with Swedish companies, and foreign universities and companies). The number of persons in the group varied between 3 and 5 with additional master thesis student and short term project employment.

We required lateral thinking, creativity, industry relevance and contribution to science evolution in our endeavours. International cooperation and idea exchanges was very important in the research projects.

The goals for the KBS-Media Lab was to study how personal cooperation could be supported and enforced by 'digital knowledge' stored in computer networks, and how computer supported collaboration could be improved with advanced IT-tools as well as how knowledge could be augmented, represented and linked in the Dynamic Knowledge Net to be effectively communicated. We designed and developed multimedia interfaces and used a wide variety of knowledge representations.

We used the demonstrator method (incremental prototyping) to capture, communicate, evaluate, and implement ideas together with end users (often involving industry project participants).

KBS-Media Lab's motto was "The Future in Practice" which reflected a clear will to combine theory with practice.

An important task for the KBS-Media Lab was to translate front-end research to a comprehensible form for a broad research and industry community. There was and is a high demand for multidisciplinary research and a combination of directed fundamental research with practical collaboration in industry environments.

We developed and gave courses within multimedia, knowledge representation, and system design on both high and low abstraction levels.

The KBS-Media Lab were on the WWW in April 1994, (a provisional copy is found at http://delphi.kstr.lth.se/kbs/). We designed and developed WWW support for departments and external projects that were very well received.

In our daily internal work and in the projects we used IT for collaboration - video conferencing on the Internet, (on own server) collaborative work on documents and drawings, conferencing systems, list servers, etc.

We used computers from SUN, Apple/Macintosh, and IBM/PC as hardware platforms. In addition to Internet we also use ISDN connection (introduced in the COOCOM project and the start for SKANSKA to establish efficient connections to their German cooperation partners in 1994). We regularly used one or more personal computer at our meetings with projection on wall screen. We received a lot of hardware and software as support from companies.

After my leave and employment at Aalborg University in 1997 the KBS-MEDIA Lab was gradually merged into the CITU organization. Three of the staff started their own company, the advertising agency Helvetica AB, which in 2000 had 10 employees

3.4 International activities, Contacts, Talks. Committees

My work involves; participation in national and international committees for exchange and coordination in the domain of design, Artificial Intelligence, computer support in the building process, membership of international scientific and organizational committees and editorial boards etc. I maintain deep continuous contacts (since roughly 1980) with leaders and researchers at distinguished research centers and departments around the world (CIFE at Stanford, Key Center of Design Quality in Sydney, CAAD ETH in Zürich, CSIRO in Melbourne, MIT in Cambridge USA, CMU in Pittsburgh, CSTB in France, NUS in Singapore, NIST in Washington, etc....).
National and international representatives from companies, schools/Universities and research groups (and individual researchers) came often for discussions, consultations and demonstrations of systems at the KBS-Media Lab and also to follow tailored courses. The motto for the KBS-Media Lab was "The Future in Practice".

I continuously receive invitations from abroad and from Sweden to participate in different projects and activities and to give talks and demonstrations. See also below chapter 4 "Affiliations".

I have during the years built up a large international contact net with leading universities, companies and institutes within the IT area (not only limited to the building sector). My address file now contains roughly 2500 fresh names.

3.5 Full Professor Aalborg University 1998-2011

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The 'IT in the Building Process', (http://it.civil.auc.dk/), was a new research and education group (December 1998) at the Department of Building Technology and Structural Engineering at Aalborg University under Prof. Per Christiansson (professor chair IT in Civil Engineering). Research focus was on integration and structuring of IT-tools in the whole building process with special focus on early and late phases of the process. Special research areas, comprising both design and analyses, are knowledge representations and model integration, knowledge management and discovery, multimedia/VR interfaces to Internet based resources, user environment design, user needs and requirements capture, computer supported collaborative work, intelligent buildings and digital infrastructures, building product and process modelling, and languages and systems for meta level integration of building process related information. Research and demonstrator development is most often carried through in close collaboration with industry.

The research results are of general validity and in most cases not confined to be valid for only the building community.

The research areas were (See also the research list in chapter '5.2 Projects').

• VIRTUAL BUILDINGS AND IT-SUPPORTED COLLABORATION
• KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT AND KNOWLEDGE TRANSFER-/K37/
• INTELLIGENT BUILDINGS AND DIGITAL CITIES

3.6 Private Company. Dr. Per Christiansson Consulting, 1977-2024 Engineering

Since 1977 I have also had the opportunity to carry through private commissions of varying kind (nationally and internationally) both within the building and information technology areas as well as in combination of both. This work involves: design work, board membership, investigations, formulation and evaluation of business ideas and strategies involving information technology, project reviews, system development, information technology consulting, lecturing, courses, advising etc.

Between 1984-1988 I was a board member of "Disc Navigation AB". (Digital maps and navigation system within shipping). Activity example: The autumn 1995 I gave advice on IT-Strategies to the director group of the Nordic holding company BRAAS Scandinavia Ltd in Stockholm. The company owns practically all roof tiling factories in northern Germany and the Nordic countries. EU project and proposals evaluations. 1997 - 1998 I was involved in advice to communes in connection to Digital Sites, and Citizen networks (Medborgarnät). 1998 - 2001 I was board member and teacher at the MAN (Metropolitan Area Network Manager) Kvalificerad Yrkesutbildning (KY) education in Landskrona.

• Digital Equipment Corporation (Intelligent Buildings)
• Helsingborgshem (IT-strategies)
• Göran Bengtsson Byggnads AB (building site communications)
• SKANSKA
• Byggdok
• BPS-Centret Denmark
• BFAB
• Försvarsmakten
• Mitthögskolan
• SIF
• BRAAS Scandinavia (IT-strategy, visions)
• Museiforum
• Byggkostnadsdelegationen
• Landskrona kommun (Digital City planning and design)
• Skurups kommun (Citizen nets, company networks)
• AB Landskronahem
• A number of Schools (IT in teaching and learning)
• NOVI, Aalborg Science Park
• The European Commission. Project and proposals evaluations.
• Lund University (teaching, supervision doctoral students) (2012-)
• Future digital support, AVK Group Denmark (2014)
• Anders pågar gymnastics association, homepage web-database development (March 2019)

3.7 Some examples on farseeing undertakings and research

1982 I supervised a project where the strongest driving IT forces within Swedish building industry were joined /R12/, /R13/. I became Swedish representative in NBS-DATA, the Nordic Building Research Cooperation Group (NBS), Working Group for Information Technology (DATA). The group became a notion in the world and in the Nordic countries. Within the group I launched a joint-Nordic work within the product modelling area in 1988.

In 1985 I made a first study on future data structures. We can now begin to see a layering according to some of those ideas /C8/. The year after, I presented the first object oriented system (from the USA) which could be used in the building industry, at the Nordic Building Day in Helsinki /C13/.

1986 in Washington, /C14/, and Singapore, /C12/, I presented prototypes for knowledge based systems with properties that much later came in focus, that is with built-in learning capabilities.

1987 an embryo to the KBS-Media concept was presented where the human interface had multimedia support towards the underlying facts bases and decision support system in the form of intelligent agents. Agents are now more commonly used in system building.(Prototype was demonstrated at the first Apple Interactive Multimedia Development Conference in San Jose 1988).

1988 I first presented what I called a hyper document. This was done at the first international research conference (in Lund) within CIB W78 which focused on Product Modeling, /C18/. The conference was organized by myself in collaboration with the Swedish Building Center. At the same occasion I demonstrated new concepts in demonstration systems as: navigation palettes, image browsers, and user adapted tools to build and augment the systems on different abstraction levels. We now use these ideas and upscale them in the global domain.

In 1990, /C24/, I presented ideas that I assumed later would be part of our research reality - how do we constrain system growth and manage unlearning and retraining, definition of languages for pattern communication, agent personalities as expectations, wills, rewards, habits, distributed representations, time influence and connectionist activation patterns in the networks etc.

My thoughts about our need to be able to deal with partly overlapping and non-redundant building process models have been maintained all the time. Different knowledge representations must be adapted to different application domains (object orientation, hypertext, decision trees, semantic nets, artificial neural networks, relational databases, analogue representations, etc.) and they must also be able to communicate with each other. The territory is virgin and is encapsulated by our DKN concept the Dynamic Knowledge Net.

The pre-work to the Swedish IT-BUILDING program was done in the BFR Cad-group that was later turned to a smaller group (Per Christiansson member in both). The latter group presented the program (which also incorporated and heavily involved SBUF and NUTEK activities) at the first National IT-BUILDING conference in Stockholm in September 1990 (where I also did a great deal of the pre-work).

In the COOCOM, 1993, project we started to implement and test ideas concerning collaboration and negotiation in and between electronic meeting rooms. This research has focused on how to build the company knowledge source in the global network context, COOCOM2.

The Dynamic Knowledge Net, DKN, was introduced 1993, /C35/. A network that dynamically connects man to man, man to machine, and machine to machine. The first implementation of the DKN is the World Wide Web.

The Knowledge Node concept was introduced 1995 in connection with the SWEBU, Swedish Building Research on the World Wide Web. It is also used and developed in the SERFIN (Building Maintenance Experience Communication on Internet), Merkurius (Lund University Company Knowledge Node), and COOCOM2 projects. See also chapter '5.2 Projects'

The importance of involving end users in ICT system development with needs and requirements capture was one focus at my Building Informatics group at Aalborg Universities both in education and research, /R56/.

4. AFFILIATIONS

4.1 National committees and Boards (Denmark and Sweden)

4.2 International Committees and Boards

4.3 International 'Editorial Boards, 'Advisory Boards' and 'Scientific committees'

4.4 Associations, Groups etc.

4.5 Reference groups

4.6 Other

5. RESEARCH. SHORT OVERVIEW

5.1 Grants

5.2 Projects

5.3 Other international project involvement. 1990-

5.4 Methodological issues

Within the KBS-Media Lab the research was characterised as directed fundamental research. We tried to combine the view of today's science paradigm with ideas on our society after the, as we believe, great ongoing paradigm shift. We have already begun to enter a society that will dramatically change in many aspects. Knowledge will be captured, stored, maintained and accessed digitally reducing existing constraints on handling and spread. Physical information containers will be distributed supplying dynamically formed logical containers on request accessed through adapted user dependent interfaces. We can expect great changes in our views on knowledge ownership, competence, and in the relations between projects/companies.

It should not be forgotten that foundations for new theories are often formed through merging of applied research and practical evaluations.

We emphasis the importance of close contacts and experience exchange with leading international research and development. This is done through: direct collaboration, discussions, visits, publishing, Internet. We put up predictions, forecasts and prophecies. Which are presented to the research and industry community for critique.

We perform directed fundamental research and applied research. The scientific methods used are based. on:

Special research areas, comprising both design and analyses, are knowledge representations and model integration, knowledge management and discovery, multimedia/VR interfaces to Internet based resources, user environment design, user driven innovation, user needs and requirements capture, computer supported collaborative work, intelligent buildings and digital infrastructures, building product and process modelling, and languages and systems for meta level integration of building process related information. Research and demonstrator development is most often carried through in close collaboration with industry

Building Informatics is part of the Architecture Engineering section at the department of Civil Engineering at Aalborg University. The research results are utilised in civil engineering and open education courses. The group has a well-established network and collaboration with national and international companies, institutions and universities within the building and ICT domains.

6. TEACHING. COURSE DEVELOPMENT. MASTER THESIS

6.1 Courses

Besides educating future civil engineers in structural disciplines (1970-1980s) I have been engaged in teaching and developing courses in the field of Knowledge-based-systems, human computer interaction , system development, Cad, and databases on master and doctorate levels), from 1971 to present date. (10.10 Courses development /K/).

Focus was on conceptual modelling, visualisation, database structuring, multimedia and use and development of knowledge based systems. A spectrum of software is available, for example: Cad-systems, relational databases, multimedia shells, authoring tools, and knowledge based systems.

1983-1989 a yearly coarse in Cad and modeling (Per Christiansson and Alberto Herrera) has been given by the department of Structural engineering (FKIII Design Coarse). The Coarse was given latest 1989 due to cancelled leasing contract on the Medusa Cad system./K7-K9/.

After 1990 the department of Structural Engineering was responsibility for the entire CAD education at the Civil Engineering School.

We gave a coarse 1992 in "Nya hjälpmedel för kunskapsöverföring inom utbildning och forskning (hypermedia)/New tools for knowledge transfer within education and research (hypermedia)". The course development was done by KBS-Media Lab (Per Christiansson, Jörgen Modin, Ingemar Sekund) and was financed by the Section for Staff Development, PUS, at Lund University. The coarse was part of PUS coarse package for employees at Lund University. The number of participants was 12 from all over the university. One seminar per week in 6 weeks (4 hours per occasion). Lectures and own exercises. See also compendium. /K13/.

IT course at Civil Engineering School. November 1994. (Content 'Data communication, search in international scientific databases, multimedia and video communication, IT-system internal structures, application on building site'. /K15/.

Course developed and given at Lund Institute of Technology/Helsingborg in "Internet in Practice". Spring 1995. 3 Points. Content: theory and practice in building of homepages for the World Wide Web, communication and conferencing on the Internet, setting up email systems. Course material at . /K16/

"To use and evaluate MultiMedia". " and "Make your own MultiMedia Application". November 1995 at CITU Lund University. /K17/.

Design and implementation of Internet exhibitions at Lund University Historical Museum. Local digital 'exhibitions' were developed by the participants who in most cases where professors popularise their research areas. Both the multimedia human computer interface and underlying information containers were developed in HyperStudio.(on PC and Mac) /K18/.

I regularly gave lectures and demonstrations in IT in courses at the Civil Engineering School at Lund University. Only a few is mentioned in the /Fnn/ part of the Publication list in Chapter 10.

A World Wide Web low cost PBL, Problem Based Learning, environment was developed for the department of Food Technology, Lund University, in spring 1997. Base tools for video/sound communication with shared white board were used in a structured environment providing support for communication, access to learning material, personal annotations, etc. /K19/.

Spring 1998 I developed a course in 'IT in Civil Engineering' during my stay as visiting professor at Aalborg University. The Lecture notes (with over 100 images), exercises, students web-based project documentation, references, and discussion forum is always available on the World Wide Web. This information is be available as experience data and input for coming courses. A course evaluation form was also available on the WWW . /K21/.

The Aalborg model can shortly be described as 'problem oriented group based project learning environments'. 50% of the time is dedicated for project work and the rest of the time equally divided between conventional courses (SE, study unit) and project unit (PE) courses (the latter with evaluation at project presentation and evaluation).

I put all lectures slides public on WWW in an HTML based framework designed by myself. In most cases student develop their own project webs.

In some projects with industry the students have used or extended the contextual design methodology for user requirements and user environment modelling.

• master level (civil engineers, architects),
• industry (open education for students with examine on Bachelor level and more than 3 years in industry),
• life long learning for old master level students,
• teachers and administrative personnel

The courses cover areas such as human computer interaction, knowledge management, multimedia web design, database design, modelling, computer supported collaborative work, digital infrastructure services, and intelligent buildings.

The Building Informatics group at Aalborg University gives since 2007 a new education leading to a Cand Scient Building Informatics degree. The education requires a underlyong Bachelor degree and has a duration of 2 years. See also http://it.civil.aau.dk/it/education/index.html#cstbi

6.2 Master Thesis supervision, 1990-

/ / means that a report is available.

6.3 Licentiate, Doctor's Thesis

Doctoral student students at the Lund University:

7. FORMAL ACTIVITIES

7.1 Faculty Opponent at Doctoral Thesis Defenses

7.2 Formal reports. Review Committees.

7.3 Patents

8. ORGANIZATION OF SYMPOSIA/SEMINARS. INVITED SPEAKERS. 1991-

8.1 Symposia/seminars

8.2 Invited lecturers, guest professors 1991-

9. OTHER

9.1 Software and hardware experiences

KBS-Media Lab was established in 1987 at the Civil Engineering School at Lund Institute of Technology, V-LTH, and between 1995-1998 in new localities at CITU, Lund University. (CITU, Center for IT in Education). It contained networked computers from Apple Inc. (8 different models), IBM Inc. ( 1 Laptop and 3 stationary Windows 95/NT4) and SUN (Sparc5, Sparc4, and Ultra1 Creator 3D) workstations, video and sound handling systems, laser disc and CD equipment, frame grabbers, scanners, color projection panel, video cameras, and Internet and ISDN connections.

At the KBS-Media Lab we ran WWW- and other servers on SUNS, Apple, and IBMS. 4 http-servers run on SUN, PC and Mac platforms. One SUN server was dedicated to support intranet www solutions in joint projects with industries. Other servers for video communication etc. are spread to balance computer loading.

A collaborative environment (CSCW, Computer Supported Cooperative Working) was setup during the CoocomI project 1993. Real life computer supported negotiations, decisions and use of shared work spaces were carried through where each participant had his own networked lap-top computer. Connections to external groups were also established. The concept including wall projection has been used since then within the KBS-Media Lab where each personal computer has its own video camera. (See also http://it.civil.auc.dk/it/delphi/KBS/resources.html)

At Aalborg University we have created a small media lab, http://it.civil.auc.dk/it/medialab/index.html. The Media lab is arranged with three PC multimedia workstations with facilities for digital video editing and low cost virtual reality. The Media Lab also houses a video conferencing installation. The Media Lab is used for education, research and external collaboration. A separate Cad lab is arranged with 2 PC multimedia workstations and 2 SUN workstations and is also used for education, research and external collaboration.

I have practical experiences from use of different computerised systems and tools: Cad systems, relational databases, collaboration software, hypermedia systems, multimedia authoring tools, animation programs, graphic editing programs, communication programs, induction systems, expert system shells, hybrid AI-systems, artificial neural nets, object oriented systems, scripting languages, html. xml, Prolog, Algol, Basic, Fortran, Java, real time environments etc.

10. PUBLICATIONS AND PRESENTATIONS

10.1 Reports. Books. /R/

10.2 Conference papers /C/

(marked, if paper/poster only, demo = supported by computer based demonstration)

10.3 Journal Papers /J/

10.4 Programs (research) /P/

10.5 Status Reports /S/

10.6 Formal reports /A/

10.7 Other writings /O/

10.8 Discussions. Reviews. Short notes. /D/

10.9 Presentations 1980- /F/

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Presentations made at conferences (see '10.2 Conferences /C/') are not listed here except those with separate additional presentation documentation.

Courses development /K/

10.11 Patents /X/

11. ABBREVIATIONS